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Neurokriminologi dan Transformasi Doktrin Hukum Pidana
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Struktur hukum pidana modern dibangun atas asumsi kehendak bebas, rasionalitas individu, dan mens rea sebagai dasar pertanggungjawaban. Namun, perkembangan neurosains menunjukkan bahwa perilaku kriminal dalam banyak kasus tidak lahir dari deliberasi sadar, melainkan dari konfigurasi neurobiologis yang memengaruhi kontrol diri dan regulasi moral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketegangan antara konstruksi normatif hukum pidana dan determinasi perilaku manusia menurut neurosains, serta mengidentifikasi tiga bentuk transformasi doktrinal yang ditimbulkan oleh pendekatan neurokriminologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem hukum pidana belum memiliki instrumen normatif yang mampu mengakomodasi kompleksitas biologis manusia. Model tanggung jawab berbasis kehendak bebas universal tidak selaras dengan bukti mengenai variabilitas kontrol perilaku. Konsep kesengajaan gagal membedakan antara deliberasi dan reaktivitas neurologis, sedangkan pendekatan retributif dalam pemidanaan tidak kompatibel dengan model intervensi preventif. Dalam kondisi ini, atribusi kesalahan menjadi berisiko secara etik. Reformulasi doktrin menjadi keharusan untuk membangun sistem hukum yang akurat dan sahih secara normatif.
Kata Kunci: Determinisme Biologis, Mens rea, Neurokriminologi, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana
Keywords
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36355/rlj.v6i2.1879
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